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</div> </div> <div id="ddvpr3yjlwe" class="mid_n"> <div id="ddvpr3yjlwe" class="page_article share_content"> <div id="ddvpr3yjlwe" class="page_articleTitle tc">  <h3 id="shareTitle" class="fs30">二十一世纪的植物?；ぜ际酰鹤蚺┳魑?/h3> </div> <div id="ddvpr3yjlwe" class="article_author"> <span>发布时间：2004-05-14</span> <i>|</i><span>来源：植保所</span><i>|</i><span>作者：admin</span> </div> <div id="ddvpr3yjlwe" class="article_control"> <div id="ddvpr3yjlwe" class="size"> <span id="ddvpr3yjlwe" class="fs14">字体</span> <a class="size3 size_min"><i class="iconfont nky-article_size1 fs14"></i>小</a> <a class="size2 size_mid"><i class="iconfont nky-article_size2 fs14"></i>中</a> <a class="size1 size_max"><i class="iconfont nky-article_size3 fs14"></i>大</a> </div> </div> <div id="ddvpr3yjlwe" class="article fs16 lh28"> <P>　　植物病虫草害是制约我国农业生产发展的重要因素。二十世纪90年代以来，棉铃虫、小麦条锈病、褐飞虱、稻瘟病和麦蚜等重大病虫害相继暴发成灾，仅1992年棉铃虫的特大发生，就损失皮棉3000多万担。在加强防治的情况下，每年仍损失粮食300亿斤。此外，化学农药的大量使用还带来农业生态系统严重破坏、环境污染日趋严重和人畜中毒事件频频发生等一系列社会、经济和生态问题。<BR>　　以基因工程为核心的生物技术在近20年来迅速发展，为植物?；ぜ际跛降奶岣咛峁┝诵碌氖侄巍?983年世界首例转基因烟草培育成功，1986年抗虫和抗除草剂的转基因棉花进入田间试验阶段。此后，科学家先后培育了多种具有抗虫、抗病和抗除草剂功能的转基因植物。上世纪90年代中期，抗虫棉花、玉米和马铃薯等作物，抗除草剂棉花、玉米、大豆和油菜等农作物先后在多个国家商业化种植。到2004年，全球转基因作物种植面积已达6770万公顷，其中转抗除草剂作物和抗虫作物种植面积占90%以上。<BR>　　我国1997年开始种植抗虫转基因棉花，到2001年已占华北地区植棉面积80%，2003年增加到4000万亩，达全国棉花种植面积的51%。转基因棉花对害虫控制作用显著优于常用化学农药，对棉花主要害虫棉铃虫、红铃虫和玉米螟控制效果可达85%以上。和种植常规棉花比较，转抗虫基因棉花具有较高的经济效益。棉田化学农药用量减少70%左右，农民劳动力投入明显减少，棉花产量提高9.6%，棉农增收节支达140元/亩。田间系统监测表明，与普通棉花施药防治棉铃虫棉田比较，种植抗虫棉花能显著提高棉花生态系统内节肢动物群落的多样性水平，有效地?；ち嗣尢锷肪?。同时由于化学农药用量的减少，人畜中毒事件频率显著降低。转基因棉花的商业化种植已成为我国转基因植物发展的成功案例。<BR>　　转基因技术的发展和应用为解决植物?；の侍獯戳嗣篮玫那熬?。但是，如果没有充分的安全证据和有力的监管体系，转基因作物的释放与应用在创造财富的同时，亦有可能对人类健康或生态环境造成危害。<BR>　　对于转基因植物安全性争论的焦点集中在两个方面，一是转基因植物的环境安全性，主要包括转基因作物的杂草化、对本地生物多样性的影响、对非靶标生物与有益生物的影响、靶标生物对转基因作物的抗性以及所表达的毒蛋白通过食物链富集作用的致害性等。二是转基因产品对人类健康的安全性，转基因生物作为食品进入人体，可能存在使人出现某些毒理作用和过敏反应等潜在的风险。因此，在大力发展转基因作物产业的同时必须加强转基因作物的安全性研究和监管，从而最大限度的发挥转基因作物的效益，促进我国农业生产的发展和植物?；ぜ际跛降奶岣?。<BR></P> 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